For example, if the book Expeditions into Tibet was known to be written by Edward Whymper, then it would be correct to refer to it as "Ibid." instead of "Ivanov et al.". It is acceptable to use abbreviations in place of full names when referencing books or articles that are familiar to your audience. For example, if you were citing pages 7, 14, and 24 of a book, you would write "7 Ibid., 14 ibid., 24 ibid." as three in-text citations. When doing so, follow the same procedure as for single sources, inserting the word "Ibid." followed by the appropriate page numbers when necessary to distinguish them from one another. The phrase "ibid." is used to indicate that what follows is related to the material found on the cited page(s).Ĭiting multiple sources from the same article or book is called "in-text citations". These notes can be typed directly into the body of the article or published separately as a separate document. The preferred method for creating endnotes/footnotes is using Microsoft Word's Note feature. Full citations are required for endnotes/footnotes. ![]() If another source is essential to understanding the quote, however, then it should be given in the endnote/footnote. For example, if a quote is very important to the topic at hand, it can be cited in the text with an abbreviation (e.g., "ELH" for Encyclopedia of Library History). ![]() New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003." An example of a truncated footnote would be "(Smith 2003, 545)" or "American History: From the Discovery of the Country through the Civil War, 545-546".Ĭitations in footnotes should be used only when the full citation would be too long for the text itself. ![]() American History: From the Discovery of the Country through the Civil War. A full footnote has the same information as the citation in the bibliography, with minor formatting modifications including the page number of a specific quotation.Īn example of a full citation would be: "Smith, John. If you do not provide a bibliography, the first footnote from each work must have a complete citation and subsequent citations must have truncated footnotes. Do you put the full citation in footnotes?
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